Skinner ( 1904-1990 ) - 1746 Words

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was an American psychologist who was a leading proponent of behaviorism, which had significant influences on philosophy. He was an advocate of his own school of thought called radical behaviorism, and conducted experimental analysis of behavior. In About Behaviorism, B.F. Skinner expands on methodological behaviorism’s central tenet and its weaknesses. Skinner illustrated that in methodological behaviorism, the only admissible and relevant evidence in scientific psychology is behavioral data. To methodological behaviorists, introspection is not a form of evidence, since it is a private and personal way of knowing. There can be no public agreement on introspection, and thus it cannot be accepted as a scientific†¦show more content†¦The first premise of radical behaviorism is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of organism, not the unobservable mental events. The second premise is that the study of behavior should be a natural science, much like biology, chemistry and physics, relying on hypotheses, controlled variables and evidence. Thus he concludes that radical behaviorism repairs the damages done by mentalism to scientific psychology because a scientific psychological theory will consist of laws directly relating controlled stimuli to behaviors. Radical behaviorism does not acknowledge mental events at all, in which behavior is restricted to an input-output relationship, thus allowing psychology to be a form of evidence driven science. Through the framework of radical behaviorism, Skinner discusses perception and imagination, which he calls â€Å"seeing in the absence of the thing seen.† Skinner claims that the act of imagining does not constitute a mental event, and thus does not threaten the premise of behaviorism. Skinner insists that imagery is not a thing, but rather the act of imagining and visualizing is a behavior. And the act of imagining is a response, which may be conditioned to occur in the absence of its normal stimuli. Though it may seem private, he gives examples of he public aspects of imagining. He gives the example of leading

Social Security and Medicare Seeing Through Loopholes Essay

People receiving Social Security and Medicare need to prepare for drastic changes. Social Security and Medicare in unity has been around since 1965. President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to help the elderly pay for expensive medical necessities from doctor visits to medicine. President Johnson knew that elderly individuals would have less income and pay more for medical necessities than younger individuals. He made Social Security and Medicare a number one priority during his presidency, unaware years down the line funding would become scarce and so many doctors and pharmaceutical companies would try to squeeze the life out of it. Through the years doctors’ and pharmaceutical companies have become greedy. Doctors diagnose patients,†¦show more content†¦For example, the benefits are made up of taxes taken from the working class people and distributed by a circular calculations based upon the cost of living. In Joseph and Dorothy Matthews book Social Security, Medicare Government Pensions they point out the different obstacles funding these programs will face: Social Security is facing pressure to lower benefits†¦ due to longer life-spans, an overall population increase †¦the Baby Boomers beginning to reach retirement age, and the increase in the number of people receiving Social Security and Medicare benefits. If the system continues as-is, the total benefits will eventually surpass the amount of taxes paid into the system by younger workers. If the system is not altered at some point full benefits will not be paid as promised. (13) Furthermore, in a decade Social Security recipients will face further denial of benefits, whether they are eligible or not due to the decrease of funding payouts. While currently eligible recipients fall short of receiving benefits and hire attorneys to battle for their money’s. Within a decade denial of benefits will become a more established problem with a greater failure rate, one of the main reasons why changes are in the making early. Those fortunate to receive benefits will still face problems with choosing plans that may or may not cover the type of specialist needed for their particular illness or disease, but Social Security andShow MoreRelated The Bill of Rights: Americas Last Defense Against the Federal Suffocation of Civil Liberties?1833 Words   |  8 Pagesto restrict many rights that are not expressly declared in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Perhaps, it is necessary to convene a convention dedicated to defining and expanding the protected rights and to put these revisions to the people through normal amendment processes requiring ratification by three-quarters of the states. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To begin, we need to understand what a â€Å"bill of rights† is and where it comes from. Bills, or lists, of rights litter American colonialRead MoreCase Scenario1762 Words   |  8 Pagesprovide access to medical services. In the past, particular groups of people have been selected based on their economic status or their distinctive social circumstances. The policies include Medicaid (for poor children), Medicare (for the elderly), Veterans’ Administration (for veterans), Indian Health Services (for Native Americans) and renal failure security (for transplants and kidney dialysis). The purpose of this study The research’s main focus is to investigate the how government and nursesRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesCommissioner. Assistant Registrar of Gas Welfare DS Solanki told The Pioneer that the claim was accepted only after going through attached documents that include age proof. Speaking on the particular case, the assistant commissioner said the genuineness of the claim could be cross checked after verification of attached document. Mr Solanki assured that they would again go through the documents and take action against the guilty on discovering the fraud. Pioneer / Delhi 23/01/06 Bhopal gas victimsRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesinformation and cyber security, cost management systems, and capital investments. He is the author of more than eighty-five articles, published in such journals as The Accounting Review; Journal of Computer Security; Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis; ACM Transactions on Information and System Security; Communications of the ACM; Accounting Organizations and Society; Journal of Accounting and Public Policy; Journal of Business Finance and Accounting; Computer Security Journal; Managerial

Role Of Customs And Border Protection - 1644 Words

1 - What is the role of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in securing trade in maritime ports? The role of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to ensure all goods and people coming into the United States lawful and keeping contraband and WMD out of the United States. Additionally Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for international trade in and out of the United States. The policies and enforcement of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) can make or break trade within the United States. The sole goal of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to protect the nations from all threats, while at the same time maintaining a balance trade between United States and the rest of the world. Customs and Border†¦show more content†¦By using technology Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is able to maintain their operation of finding weakness within the system and closing vulnerabilities before they are exploited. 2 - The Global Transportation System (GTS) has a big impact on just about every aspect of our daily life. Certainly, Port Management Security is well aware of the economic impact and the threat of disruption to the GTS. What are the four components of the GTS (air, sea, land, and rail transport systems) and what are the subsequent critical infrastructure within each that support these components of the GTS. The Global Transportation System (GTS) touches every aspect of human life. From the food we eat to the clothes we wear, they are all moved within the Global Transportation System GTS. Passenger travel from continent to continent using the Global Transportation System GTS. Even troops and equipment for war is moved within the GTS. Simply without the GTS and its four components of air, sea, land, and rail transports life would not be possible for much of the world. The size of the GTS has continue to grow due to more business operating now on a global scale. In addition, free trade through numerous agreements has open up opportunities worldwide. With the amount of goods and people being moved, be able to secure port either air or surface becomes that much difficult. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection2503 Words   |  10 PagesTHE ROLE OF U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (U.S. CBP) is one of the oldest law enforcement entities in the U.S., and has a rich history of protecting our borders. A historical overview and understanding of the U.S. Customs origins displays how over the centuries the strategic mission of the CBP has evolved to combat threats of specific time eras. U.S. Customs has grown from collecting of revenue during the 1800s to fighting the War on Drugs, and well intoRead MoreImmigration Act Of The Border1473 Words   |  6 PagesBorder Patrol began in 1904 when illegal crossings at the border were prevented by seventy five â€Å"mounted guards† who were given directives by the U.S immigration service to patrol the border (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, n.d). Patrols were, however, not consistent because of limited resources and little supervision. They attempted to prevent Chinese illegal migration as they patrolled along the border in California. However, from 1915, resources such as horses, cars and boats were added toRead MoreHydera1253 Words   |  6 PagesDissolution of the former U.S. Immigration and Naturalization and Customs Service and the creation of separate agencies under the Department of Homeland Security. The  United States Immigration and Naturalization Service  (INS) was an agency of the U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. Referred to by some as  former INS  and by others as  legacy INS, the agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003, when most of its functions were transferred to three new entities –  U.S. CitizenshipRead MoreThe United States Border Patrol1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Border Patrol has a mission and duty to protect our borders through regulating laws and preventing illegal terrorists, drugs, and weapons from entering the United States. This has been a clear goal ever since laws have been passed to help secure our borders back in 1924. The need for Border Patrol and the demand for tighter security plans have been increasing due to terrorist attacks on American soil, the presence of radical groups, and a high rate of crime in the United StatesRead MoreBorder Security1320 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Has Technology Improved Border Security Operations 1 Border Security Technology HAS TECHNOLOGY IMPROVED BORDER SECURITY OPERATIONS 2 Border Security Technology Border security is paramount to the security of the United States of America. There are 7,000 miles of land border with Canada and Mexico as well as numerousRead MoreHomeland Security Chapter 9-10 Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesattempts and successes at border patrol. Beginning with the U.S customs and Border Protection, the Border Patrol office has like many other agencies, merged with the DHS following 9/11. The reason is because the Border Patrol is now after 9/11 been concerned with the prevention of terrorist’s entry. The Border Patrol also merged with customs, which has a long history with border patrol. The CBP has been charged with guarding 7000 miles of U.S Land border. The Border patrol has been very concernedRead MoreThe Security Administration ( Tsa )1133 Words   |  5 Pages Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, congress passed sweeping changes to the security of aviation and border protection in the United States. Three agencies were significantly impacted by these changes and the aftermath of 9/11: Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Federal Air Marshal (FAM). However, 14 years later is important to review the changes which were implemented by sweeping popularity following 9/11 and evaluate their effectivenessRead MoreArticle Analysis: Immigration Reforms901 Words   |  4 PagesReforms The immigration reforms that are yet to be enacted will see the United States government erect a 2000 mile fence along its border with Mexico. The question that still lingers on is whether the erection of this wall will provide a long lasting solution to illegal immigrants issue that has proved to an elephant in the room to the United States Customs and Border Protection agency (Fox News Latino, 2013). The erection of this enormous wall will mean that the government will more land from propertyRead MoreForeign Trade Zones ( Ftzs ) Essay918 Words   |  4 Pageswere established by the United States under the Foreign-Trade Zones Act of 1934 and are controlled by FTZ and CBP (Customs and Border Protection) Regulations (U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 2015). FTZs are authorized geographical locations that allow commercial merchandise including both foreign and domestic to be subject to laws as if it were outside the boundaries of U.S. Customs (Hawaii Foreign-Trade Zone No. 9, 2015). Manufacturers, importers, and exporters can hold goods within the zone andRead MoreThe Creation Of The Dhs1406 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity’s main concern has been on federal measures to prevent terrorism attacks and handle other crisis situations. When the Department of Homeland Security was created it had four goals: to diminish America’s vulnerability to terrorism by securing the borders, minimizing the damage and speed the recovery from attacks that happen to occur, to develop technologies devices to detect terrorism and to share all intelligence gathered from all federal agencies (Haulley, 2006). These four purposes of the Department

The Contribution of the Supernatural to Richard III Essay

The Contribution of the Supernatural to Richard III During the Renaissance period people were very superstitious and England on a whole was an extremely religious country; people believed in both God and the Devil and Heaven and Hell. They also believed in prophecies, supernatural and curses. A modern audience would have reacted very differently to the play than a Shakespearean audience. The events contained within Richard III must have seemed very real to a Shakespearean audience as it depicts the historical events of the rise and fall of Richard III. For a Shakespearean audience these events happened only a century earlier. To a modern audience it is viewed as what it is, a dramatisation of a†¦show more content†¦Richard III is a play based upon the dramatisation of history. The supernatural is an event that depends upon the superseding of the laws of nature, an event which cannot occur naturally in our world under any circumstances with or without the assistance of any natural being. Only God, or the Devil, has the power to cause supernatural events to occur. Richard III deals with supernatural elements such as curses, devils, dreams and witchcraft. I believe supernatural elements were included in Richard III to add a sense of dread that matches the malice of Richard, to show that divine nemesis exists. Shakespeare created Richard as a machiavellian who takes delight in governing through fear and force. He is a character of sheer evil; however Shakespeare provides a contrast to Richard’s villainy via the voices of the female characters. Margaret and Anne contribute by predicting the dire consequences of Richard’s acts; they also express their intense hatred through curses. The most common use of supernatural by Shakespeare within Richard III is curses. Curses are magic spells placed upon people with the intention of harm. The desired affect of curses can range from illness to death. Curses are commonly associatedShow MoreRelatedBible Inerrancy3383 Words   |  14 PagesScripture was challenged and tried as early as 1880 in the published works of Augustus Briggs. An even earlier controversy over the issue of the authoritative inspired book of biblical inerrancy was noted concerning the widely influential 1678 work of Richard Simon. Research on the topic of the inspired, inerrant scriptural authority is important in the sense that it evokes acceptance, respect and obedience. It appears that the study of biblical inerrancy and divine inspiration is warranted because ofRead MoreForce Majeure Clauses and Construction Contracts8137 Words   |  33 Pagesdrafting of both force majeure and other risk allocation clauses within construction contracts. ___________________________ Lowell A. Westersund, Q. C., Partner, Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP, Calgary, Alberta The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions, insights, and research assistance of lawyers and students at Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP who contributed to the preparation of this article, Tom O Leary, Cory Ghitter, and Chris Knight, Student-At-Law. -2The issue is highlighted in AlbertaRead MorePolitical Behaviour Impact to Leadership Excellence11497 Words   |  46 Pagesinstruments of the environment, helpless products of their times. We then select abstractions such as the idea of freedom, or social movements such as the industrial revolution, or indeed any social force in which we are interested, and assess its contribution to the power of the leader. We see the leader as caused, like all things. He becomes an instrument. Both kinds of information are valuable. Let us take the study of Napoleon as an example. Clearly he was the product of forces outside his ownRead MoreA Descriptive Study of the Practice of Music Therapy in Hong Kong17388 Words   |  70 PagesHong Kong Organizations Providing Music Therapy Service Main Population of Clients and Locations of Service Delivery Literature on Music Therapy Requirements of being a Music Therapist Certification/ Licensing 16 16 18 21 23 25 27 29 CHAPTER III Establishing a Music Therapy Practice Goals of Music Therapy Selected Music Therapy Techniques Use of Music in a Music Therapy Session 30 30 32 35 38 CHAPTER IV Traditional Chinese Beliefs and Attitudes toward Disabilities Professional StatusRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesHenry. Strategy safari: a guided tour through the wilds of strategic management / Henry Mintzberg, Bruce Ahlstrand, Joseph Lampel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Strategic planning. I. Ahlstrand, Bruce W. II. Lampel, Joseph. III. Title. HD30.28.M564 1998 658.4 012—dc21 98-9694 CIP ISBN 0-684 -84743-4 (hardcover) There are some people who begin the Zoo at the beginning, called WAYIN, and walk as quickly as they can past every cage until they come to the one called WAYOUTRead MoreEmergency Management Essay18946 Words   |  76 Pagesdivine retribution for human failings—personal disasters for personal failings and collective disasters for societal failings. Acts of Nature Over time, increased scientific knowledge led many people to substitute natural causes for supernatural ones. Thus, floods occurred because the large amount of rainfall from a severe storm exceeded the soil’s capacity to absorb it. The rapid runoff exceeded the river basin’s capacity, so the excess spilled over the river banks, flooded buildingsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTraditional View of Conflict 447 †¢ The Interactionist View of Conflict 447 †¢ Resolution-Focused View of Conflict 449 The Conflict Process 449 Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility 450 †¢ Stage II: Cognition and Personalization 451 †¢ Stage III: Intentions 452 †¢ Stage IV: Behavior 454 †¢ Stage V: Outcomes 455 Negotiation 458 Bargaining Strategies 458 †¢ The Negotiation Process 463 †¢ Individual Differences in Negotiation Effe ctiveness 464 †¢ Third-Party Negotiations 467 Summary and ImplicationsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions:Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesNetherlands At last, a text that brings organization theory into the 21st century! This is the first organization theory textbook to provide full and informed coverage of a range of contemporary developments in the field. Notably, it includes diverse contributions to organization theory made by critical management studies. It really is pathbreaking in terms of its inclusion of material that does not appear in other texts. Professor Hugh Willmott, Cardiff Business School, UK This is one of the most up-to-dateRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesOthers 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral and Written Presentations Supplement B Conducting Interviews 619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705 Subject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank

Benjamin Franklin from an Apprentice to a Founding Father Free Essays

As one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin was a key figure in shaping the history of America. But even more so, he was a highly individualistic character, and showed a truly dynamic personality when compared to the early leaders of American history. His unique personality has been admired by those throughout history for his pragmatism, his soothing nature and ability to act as a mediator with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin: from an Apprentice to a Founding Father or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was known for his leadership skills, and respected as a writer, visionary, philosopher and inventor. Benjamin Franklin is still relevant today from students learning about his science experiments to the printing and technical industries benefiting from his inventions. Probably the most impressive quality about Franklin is the fact that he appealed to the everyday working class people. Born in Boston in 1706 to Abiah and Josiah Franklin, his father was a chandler and soap maker from England (Benjamin Franklin In Search of a Better World, 2005). Early on the young Ben Franklin was intrigued by reading and writing. One of his first inspirations was The Spectator essay written by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. Franklin was impressed with the authors’ passages about the vanities and values of contemporary life. He read the essays as a learning experience. After reading the pages he then re-wrote the text in his own words and evaluated what he could correct and then enhance—eventually creating his own unique, writing style. In addition to the essays of the day, he also immersed himself in the books that he borrowed from friends who worked for local book masters. In 1721 his brother James started the New England Courant, and the 16-year-old Benjamin wrote articles for it under an assumed name. Knowing his brother would not let him write for the paper, he found another way to get his writings in print. He wrote letters and signed them via a pseudonym of a made up widow dubbed: Silence Dogood. His musings were filled with the plight facing women and an analysis of the current landscape of the time period. All in all, readers loved the letters and clamored to find out more about the infamous scribe. Eventually the young writer confessed that he created the Dogood tales. Discovering this led to touchy altercation among the brothers; James said the compliments paid to Benjamin’s writing made him â€Å"vain. † The relationship between Benjamin and his older brother would lay the groundwork for his future philosophies and work ethic. As he revealed in his autobiography: â€Å"I fancy his harsh and tyrannical treatment of me might be a means of impressing me with that aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to me through my whole life. (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, p. 20). This approach would later show up in Franklin’s dealings as a printer and in competing with other newspapermen of the day, as well as in his political dealings and his â€Å"man of the people† stance on issues. Benjamin Franklin bought out a competitor’s newspaper called, the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729. Combining his many skills, Franklin wrote for the paper as well as printed the periodical. The Gazette was Franklin’s bread and butter for his printing service. To enhance the content, he focused on more up-to-date content and improved the quality of the writing and added a dose of wit and spirited prose. This newspaper saw much success within the area and in filled it more and more with political writings (In Search of a Better World, 2005). For example, Franklin created and published the first political cartoon in the paper. The Gazette was unique in that it had an open-press policy and â€Å"He was scrupulously evenhanded in his coverage of politics†¦. his open-press policy How to cite Benjamin Franklin: from an Apprentice to a Founding Father, Papers

Health Communication Breast Cancer Treatment

Question: Describe the Summary Analysis paper for Listening to women's narratives of breast cancer treatment and his analysis ? Answer: Communication This chapter of the book emphasizes the feminine approach to the patients satisfaction who are suffering from breast cancer (Ellingson and Patrice, 156). In this chapter, Patrice Buzzanell and Laura Ellingson retrieved womens stories about the treatment of breast cancer. This is a different approach to learn patient-physician communication. Physician-patient communication is considered as a single episode, which is quantitative and could be studied using health care personnel. The goal of this chapter is to voice the experience of the women who survived breast cancer and their satisfaction level while communicating with physicians. From the literature review, it is found that physician-patient communication today considered as the central concern. In the physician-patient communication, gender is helpful to shape the way of communication in a better way. The physician-patient interaction is directly affected by institutional, social, professional and sociocultural factors. In this st udy, 14 participants were chosen who were identified with breast cancer from 9 months to 7 years. The participants aged between 33-70 years (lived in rural/suburban areas). Initially, the participants were asked four primary questions, requesting the description of the physician and how they chose their physicians. Then the participants were recruited in different hospitals. All interviews were recorded and transcribed by the researchers. The researchers used both thematic and narrative analytical techniques to analyze the result. They independently read all the transcripts and managed to isolate common semantic concerns, phrases, and issues. Three main themes were found such as Respect, caring, and reassurance of expertise. These themes were helpful to structure the Womens stories about the physician-patient communication. References Ellingson, Laura L., and Patrice M. Buzzanell. "Listening to women's narratives of breast cancer treatment: A feminist approach to patient satisfaction with physician-patient communication."Health Communication11.2 (1999): 153-183.

Transfer System Tax On Housing Decisions -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Transfer System Tax On Housing Decisions? Answer Introduction Housing plays an important role towards the ever increasing population of the ageing Australians. It forms an integral part of the economy of Australia and is a major part for the wellbeing of the individuals. Moreover, it serves as a basic need of human beings for shelter and contributes to the psychological, physical as well as emotional security. It acts as a key determinant of the individuals financial security and wealth in the old age. Housing dwellings and land attributes for more than 50 percent of the total domestic assets and two thirds of the Australian home owners (Agnew, 2013). Housing is an essential part of everyday life and also, it is considered as a major investment. The ageing population of Australia and ever growing longevity, as well as the demographic and structural changes have elevated the policies and helped in driving the decisions of the older people (Barrett et al., 2015). Objectives The purpose of this report is to discuss about the influence of transfer system and tax on housing decisions of older Australian. The overall study aims to explore those drivers of the changes in their decisions and the barriers which affect better outcomes. In addition to this, the report also provides information regarding the future public policy decisions. It has been evident from leaked sources that older Australians like to have their own homes than the younger ones and their standards of living are more dependent in nature. The quality as well as the location of the housing highly influences the physical as well as psychological health of the older segment of the society (Burke, 2012). Research Questions The purpose of this report is to; Analyze the scope of increasing the standards of living of the older Australians through availing the equity of the overall family income in order to back their incomes up at the retirement period. Analyze how the transfer system and tax influences the housing decisions of the older Australian. Provide some recommendations on how the living standards could be improved. Literature Review According to Chomik Piggott (2014), housing is an integral part for the wellbeing of the individuals, especially for the older segment of the society. For the majority of the older people, home ownerships provide independence as well as security at the time of retirement. The older Australians strongly prefer residing in their family homes, although the common notion is that such residences are comparatively bigger in size. Majority of the older Australians assets is in their family homes; however, it remains an unexplored source of income during the retirement period. On considering the influence of tax and transfer treatment of the housing policies, several factors like Age pension, ownership over renting and others come into play. In Yeandle, Krger, Casss (2012) opinion, the principal residence consist the most percentage of wealth of the aged households. Moreover, a majority of the older Australians prefer relying on Age Pension as the source of income and also some other supports from the government for accommodation and aged care. The way by which residential properties are actually treated by the transfer and tax system offers for both equity and efficiency problems. As per gerts (2013) opinion, the transfer and tax systems have the power to affect the choices of the individuals whether to relocate or remain in the current residence. Another factor, that is, drawing on the housing wealth for income also comes into play. In addition to this, a key indicating factor of the equity and efficiency is the transfer and tax system, as it relates to the decisions taken for the housing policies. Moreover, it influences the different types of residential tenures and various types of allocation of funds in a neutral manner. Australias Age Pension is the subject which incorporates assets tests as well as income. A couples or say, individuals asset and income level highly imfluences their overall eligibility of the pension limit, as well as the amount of their pension entitlements. Judd et al. (2012) mentioned that the asset ranges which are subjected to the asset tests are real estate, life interests, granny flat interests, superannuation investments, financial investments in assets, business assets and income streams. Some assets like principal residence and others are excluded from the asset tests. In addition to this, Podger, Stanton Whiteford (2014) commented that retirement village contribution is considered as an extra allowable amount which is also excluded from the asset tests. The principal home residing property is not included in to the means tests for the majority of the Australian Government transfer payments like Child Care Benefit, Parental Leave Pay and Family Tax Advanatages Part A and B (Wang, Caminada Goudswaard, 2012). Moreover, Simpson Clifton (2016) said that those individuals whose assets or level of income make them unfit for receiving full age pension entitlements are actually decreased to some percentage. According to recent researches conducted on this topic, it is evident that for the individuals who receive monthly salary beyond the threshold level, their pension payments will be reduced by fifty cents. In the year 2013, there were around 2.3 million people receiving pensions in the country of Australia, which roughly represented approximately seventy percent of the individuals aged sixty five and over. Furthermore, according to leaked information, the assets test is insignificant to those people who do not have their own homes. This reflects the lower level of the overall assets by the non home owners. On the other hand, Slack Bird (2014) mentioned in their research, that their counterparts had net assets of over $ 700,000 and the home owners had a median wealth of around $ 500,000, wit h a mortgage. However, since the past years, there have been a number of suggestions from the officials to ammend the asset tests so that it enhances the equity and efficiency of the overall system. Research Methodology A research philosophy is generally regarded as a belief in which the existing data is gathered from authentic sources, analyzed as well as used for the purpose. Research philosophies are of three types, positive, negative and interpretative. The interpretative approach is used in this research as the existing information are used and interpreted. Contradictory points are being given based on the existing sources and literature review of existing journals and theses. The overall philosophy deals with the sources, development and the nature of knowledge. In simple words, the existing materials gave an idea regarding the formation of the study. In addition to this, the approach of the research is deductive. A deductive approach is mainly concerned with developing a hypothesis, based on the existing materials, journals and theses. In the deductive approach, hypothesis has been formed from the existing theories and the empirical data has been explored. The data has been collected from the secondary sources in order to test the hypothesis. The design of the research is descriptive. Data and information are collected from several secondary sources and contradictory points are being raised in response to that. In order to support the points, a review of the literary sources is being done. However, the strategy of the research is case study analysis as several case studies has been analyzed in order to support the study. The data is collected from several secondary sources and quantitative research methodology is carried out. The overall research on the existing theories, literatures and theses has helped in identifying the applications and range of them. In addition to this, the nature of data analysis is thematic as it helped in focusing on the existing themes within the data. The method emphasized on the overall topic as well as rich description is being given of the data set. In addition to this, the thematic analysis helped in identifying the explicit and implicit ideas as well as concepts within the data. The interpretation of the wide range of data set helped in supporting the statements made in the research study. However, the overall work is being designed in order to construct the theories and research segments. The overall study has been designed in a way to construct and support the theories and identifying the existing ideas as well as concepts. This approach basically emphasizes on the overall perceptions, experiences and feelings of the existing sources and articles. On considering the ethics of the conducted study, it is worth mentioning that all the literatures are being ethically reviewed. No interpretation of the existing data or numbers is done. All the articles, journals and theses are ethically studied and citations are given. Moreover, quantitative data analysis is done with the help of existing materials and data. The age pension means test comprised many income and asset test. This basically meant that the data was applied to the samples of older Australians. The research indicated that the older couples are more likely to reside in their current home rather than moving to a new house. The most of the senior Australians prefer living in private resident and data shows that the older households strongly prefers staying in their own places rather than moving to some other area. However, few mentioned that they prefer to live in a retirement village. Findings from secondary data analysis: It has been find that the age pension test depends on the income and assets. The assets and income of an individual affects the age pension eligibility and the assets include fixed assets, granny flat interest, financial allocation, superannuation allocation of financial resources, income streams and business assets (Atalay Barrett, 2015). However, it is required to be mentioned here that certain assessments like principal residence and retirement village contribution are exempted from the assets test. It has been observed that principal residence is also excluded from the test on which the age pension is depending. 2.3 million Age pension recipients were recorded in the year 2013 and it has been observed that most of the persons were 65 years old. The persons who are not able to receive full amount of age pension, will be come under the purview of tapering (Chen, 2017). Additionally, the person who has no flat or house of their own will be excluded from the assets test. Therefore, low assets level can be found in case of age pension test (Spicer, Stavrunova, Thorp, 2016). There are certain characteristics recorded in the year 2013 regarding the age pension recipients that can be mentioned as follows: Marital status number total percentage Married/de facto 1336393 57 Single/separated/divorced/widowed 1015746 43 Home ownership Home owner 1766926 75 Non-home owner 585213 25 Payment status Maximum rate 1390152 59 Reduced rate 959775 41 Payment under test Paid under income test 614620 64 Home owner paid under assets test 334923 35 Non-home owner paid under assets test 10232 1 Income/assets test not coded 1555 0.1 Total age pension recipients 2352139 1000 Source: DSS (2014) However, certain changes have been made in the age pension assets to make it efficient enough. According to Daley, principal resident has certain equity effects and it is more suitable for the older Australians. According to Judd (2014), many Australians are facing downsizing due to age pension. According to the statement made in Henry Review, a cap need to be applied to the exception of the major abode and it will enhance the principle of fairness in the respective system. The view was supported by the National Commission of Audit. The superannuation assets have been fixed by Rice Warner for getting eligible regarding the age pension (Temple, McDonald Rice, 2017). Transfer system: In case of transfer system, it has been found that the transfer system of Australia is less progressive and it should not be imposed as a lifetime basis. Certain discriminations can be observed in Australia regarding the transfer payment (Bray, 2015). It has been observed that the richest persons are getting more transfer payment compared to the poor people. In Australia, it has been observed that the tax payers are paying their income taxes and get the benefit of transfer payment for the lifetime. This system allows the incentives of the people to be getting through work and ask to invest in a process so that it can be reinforced. A micro simulation model has been propounded by the commission to investigate the interaction in between the tax payers and the transfer payment receivers (Mller Slominski, 2016). The transfer system is an independent medium of the government and transfer payments are given by the government to the citizens and to their families. The income and assets tes t are playing an important role in case of making the payment. There are four kinds of transfer payment existed such as pensions, allowance, supplementary payments and family payments. A growth in the tax proportion can be observed if the economy of the country becomes weak. Tax Commission estimates It has been observed that the rate of the tax is inconsistent with the income and the growing nature of the income is based on rises in the wealth. There are certain kinds of transfer payments of that aged and disability payments are given to the families with low private incomes. These payments are the largest share of transfer. On the other hand, family payments symbolize the prime share of transfers to middle-income families. Additionally, much Age Pension outflow is directed to families with relatively high levels of wealth. Discussion: It has been observed in the finding parts that some of the economists held that cap is important in case of exemption of the principal residence. According to the Henry Review, for maintaining the fairness in the exemption, a cap is needed to be included in the assets test (Austen, Sharp Hodgson, 2015). The basic function of housing has changed and it has been stated that besides providing shelter, housing can be used as an asset and can be recognized as a medium that generates future return. The same notion has been supported by the Rice Warner and according to him, the superannuation assets of the singles should be $250000 and $350000 in case of the couples. On the other hand, Daley said that the people who have failed to comply with the terms and conditions of the assets test must be getting the opportunity to enter into the age pension system. There was certain density of estimation collection that could not be captured by the scrutiny made by the Commission. While the test fame d between the options such as singles and couples, it did not made any differences between regular couples, and the couples who are separated by illness, the previous category can have greater assets compared to the second group before the part annuity phases out. Productivity Commission estimates based on HILDA release 13.1, wave 10. It is a general fact that the income of the individual is getting low during the retirement age and in case to maintain the lifestyle, it is important to make a balance in between the income and expenditure. One of the acceptable income sources is the home equity (Morgan Lothian, 2017). The value of home equity is based on the growing nature of the house price. Minimum reported equity Median equity Mean equity Number of households Single age pension household 1500 350000 379339 439 Couple age pension household 5000 402174 462729 453 Source: Productivity Commission estimates based on HILDA release 13.1, wave 10. The charts are based on the assets of the individuals. The concept of age pension is also applied to the couple also. The couples are making a bridge in between the disposable income and ASFA modest. The life expectancies of the couples are different compared to the individuals and the conclusion explain that mounting the yearly increase rate of the payment leaves certain residence possessorss with optimistic justness at the end of the life of the household, but that the majority still retains optimistic equity (Fulford, 2015). Housing plays a vital role in Australian society. There are certain usefulness of housing such as it can be used as a source of shelter or people can use it to partake in community. The wealth of the nation is vehemently depending on this and works as a chief source of sequestration savings for home owners. On the other hand, the tax-transfer system influences the housing market by a variety of taxes, concessions and transfers, where the housing tenures or income levels becomes a target. These aspects of the system persuade the type of homes where the people can lead their live or the process of savings or investment and their capability to construct houses. The different aspects of housing affects the tax transfer system and provides assistance to specific classes of Australians and creates impacts on the total equity of tax transfer system (Eskander Greene, 2015). Certain conflicting views can be observed regarding the tax transfer system. Some want to identify the tax transfer system from the aspects of social benefits and some argued that housing should be taxed like the other taxable things. There is no specific submission present about the fair share of tax of the individuals. It has been observed that the people who have their own house are more gainer compared to the persons who do not have their own house. The taxation treatment of owner-occupied housing has two sides: Their asset allotment choice. The amount of tax buckle is depending on the position of the owner-occupied housing (Mller, Slominski, 2016); Their departure savings result. There are certain positive sides of the owner occupied housing as there is no housing cost after the retirement of the individual. The superannuation of the owner occupied house will help to reduce the tax deformation. There are certain conflicts taken place regarding the fair tax distribution system and it has been observed that most of the house owners are possessed high rate of income and the low income gainers do not receive that much benefit. Conclusion This section addresses the aims and objectives of the research, the limitations and the necessary recommendations relevant to the research. The main aim of this research is to point out the Influence of Transfer system and Tax on Housing decisions of older Australian. It can be stated that age pension test depends on the income and assets and therefore, the persons of high rate income gains more benefit compare to the low rated income. It is important to make a balance in between the income and expenditure in the age of retirement. On the other hand, the tax-transfer system creates impact the housing market by way of a range of taxes, concessions and transfers, which in some cases are targeted at certain accommodation tenures or income levels. There are certain other advantages present in case of tax-transfer system as it creates impact on the gross equity. Therefore, it can be stated that the transfer payment influenced the housing sector of Australia. However, there are certain differences present in between the rich and poor people and the principle of fair tax system is not maintained properly in Australia. The first limitation of this research is that the researcher could not get recent and credible information or data on the current subject and therefore, certain laxity in the updated information has been observed in this research. The second limitation regarding this paper is that insufficient budget. There are certain websites that have relevant information about the subject, but the researcher had to login and make an account to those sites. However, researcher could not do so due to money shortage. The third limitation is that the researcher could not able to do extensive research on the topic due to short time period. Therefore, the research has to be completed at a faster pace. The fourth limitation regarding the research is that the researcher got certain documents which were seemed relevant but due to illegible language, it was impossible for the researcher to take any note from those sources. 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